Region

Southeast Asia

Typical Environment

Occurs from the Thai–Malay Peninsula through Peninsular Malaysia and into the Greater Sundas, including Sumatra and Borneo. It frequents lowland to lower montane evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, as well as well-wooded secondary growth and forest edges. The species is most common in intact or lightly disturbed forest but can persist in selectively logged areas where fruiting trees remain. It moves through the midstory to canopy and is often detected at fruiting figs. Local abundance may fluctuate with fruit availability.

Altitude Range

Sea level to 1500 m

Climate Zone

Tropical

Temperament

social and active

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats with agile, direct dashes between trees

Social Behavior

Typically travels in small groups and frequently joins mixed-species flocks in the canopy. Builds a small cup nest in shrubs or low trees; both parents participate in care. Displays short chases and soft contact calls while foraging. Pairs maintain small breeding territories within larger foraging areas.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

Delivers a series of clear, ringing whistles mixed with bubbling notes and chattering phrases. Calls are sharp, metallic chips used to keep contact within flocks.

Diet

Feeds primarily on small fruits and berries, especially figs and other soft, pulpy fruits. Supplements diet with insects such as beetles, caterpillars, and other arthropods gleaned from foliage and twigs. Occasionally sallies to catch flying insects and may swallow small seeds with fruit.

Preferred Environment

Forages in the midstory and canopy at fruiting trees within forest and along edges. Also uses clearings and secondary growth where native fruiting plants are abundant.