Region

Southeast Asia

Typical Environment

Occurs across Sumatra’s hill and lower montane evergreen forests, including forest edges and secondary growth near mature forest. It is most often found in the midstory and canopy, where it moves through fruiting trees and dense foliage. The species tolerates lightly disturbed habitats and follows ridgelines and forested valleys. It is typically absent from open lowlands far from forest cover.

Altitude Range

300–2000 m

Climate Zone

Highland

Temperament

social and active

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats with brief glides

Social Behavior

Usually seen in pairs or small family groups and often joins mixed-species flocks moving through the canopy. It forms monogamous pairs during the breeding season. Nests are shallow cup structures placed in shrubs or small trees, with both parents participating in care.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

Song is a series of clear, whistled phrases interspersed with chatters and trills. Calls include sharp contact notes and soft chups used to keep in touch while foraging.

Diet

Primarily eats small fruits and berries, especially figs and other soft, pulpy species. Supplements diet with insects such as beetles, caterpillars, and small orthopterans gleaned from foliage. Occasionally sips nectar and takes arthropods flushed by mixed flocks.

Preferred Environment

Feeds in the midstory to canopy at fruiting trees along forest edges, ridges, and gaps. Also forages in secondary growth and along trails where fruiting shrubs are accessible.