White terns comprise of three species of terns in the genus Gygis and the family Laridae. The are three species of white terns - the Atlantic white tern (Gygis alba), the blue-billed white tern (Gygis candida) and the little white tern (Gygis microrhyncha).
Region
Indo-Pacific and tropical Atlantic
Typical Environment
Occurs on remote oceanic islands and atolls across the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans, with smaller populations in the tropical Atlantic. Breeds colonially on coral islands and coastal islets, often in areas with abundant trees for branch-nesting. Forages over nearshore waters, lagoons, and offshore reef edges. Outside breeding, it disperses widely over warm pelagic waters but remains associated with island groups.
Altitude Range
Sea level to 100 m
Climate Zone
Tropical
Ease of Keeping
Beginner friendly: 1/5
White terns are remarkable for laying a single egg directly on a bare tree branch or ledge with no nest at all. They are widespread across tropical oceans and are often seen over coral reefs and lagoons. In Honolulu, they famously nest in urban trees and are locally protected. Some authorities recognize closely related forms (e.g., little white tern) within the genus Gygis.
Temperament
social and active
Flight Pattern
agile, buoyant flier with quick wingbeats and brief glides
Social Behavior
Breeds in loose to dense colonies, often in trees. Pairs are monogamous with strong site fidelity, returning to the same branch year after year. Lays a single egg on a bare branch or ledge; both parents incubate and feed the chick.
Migratory Pattern
Resident
Song Description
Calls are high, squeaky, and chittering, including sharp kip and tsee notes around colonies. Vocal activity increases during courtship and when adults exchange at the nest site.
