The variable hawk is a polymorphic species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.
Region
Andes Mountains and southern South America
Typical Environment
Occurs along the Andes from Ecuador and Peru through Bolivia and Chile into Argentina, extending to lowland and coastal zones in southern South America and the Falkland Islands. Prefers open country including puna grasslands, paramo, Patagonian steppe, agricultural fields, scrub, and rocky slopes. Frequently associated with cliffs, ravines, and scattered trees or fence lines that provide hunting perches. It tolerates human-modified landscapes and is often seen near ranchlands and roadsides. Local movements and elevational shifts occur in response to prey availability and weather.
Altitude Range
Sea level to 4500 m
Climate Zone
Highland
Ease of Keeping
Beginner friendly: 1/5
The variable hawk is a highly polymorphic raptor, showing plumage that ranges from pale gray-and-white to nearly all dark, with a well-known red-backed morph in parts of its range. It is adaptable, occupying open habitats from Patagonian steppe to high Andean puna and even coastal cliffs. It often hunts from prominent perches or by kiting in strong winds, taking small mammals, birds, and reptiles. On islands like the Falklands it is a conspicuous resident predator.
Dark morph individual. Near Santiago
Temperament
solitary and territorial
Flight Pattern
soaring glider
Social Behavior
Usually seen singly or in territorial pairs. Monogamous pairs nest on cliffs, rocky outcrops, or occasionally trees, building bulky stick nests. Clutches are small (often 1–3 eggs), and both adults defend the territory and provision the young.
Migratory Pattern
Partial migrant
Song Description
Vocalizations include a clear, whistled klee or keee-yeee that carries over open country. Alarm calls are sharper and repeated in rapid sequences, especially near the nest.
Plumage
Markedly variable; typical birds are slate-gray above with white underparts lightly barred or mottled, while others are very dark overall or show a rich rufous mantle and back. Tail is often pale with fine barring and a contrasting dark subterminal band. Underwing pattern shows pale coverts with darker flight feathers in most morphs.
Diet
Feeds mainly on small mammals such as rodents and rabbits/hares, but also takes birds, reptiles, large insects, and occasionally carrion. Hunts from exposed perches, by quartering open ground, or by wind-assisted hovering (kiting). Prey is seized on the ground after short stoops or swift pounces.
Preferred Environment
Open habitats with ample perches like fence posts, rocky ledges, and scattered trees. Frequently forages over grasslands, shrub-steppe, agricultural fields, and high-altitude puna. Along coasts it patrols cliffs and adjacent open areas.
