Region

Andes Mountains

Typical Environment

Occurs in the Peruvian Andes, where it inhabits humid montane forest edges, elfin forest, and shrubby high-elevation scrub. It favors thickets, forest borders, and wind-stunted woodland on ridgelines. Polylepis groves, Gynoxys scrub, and other dense shrub habitats are frequently used. It is typically local but can be fairly common within suitable habitat. The species is generally resident throughout its range.

Altitude Range

2400–4000 m

Climate Zone

Highland

Temperament

social and active

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats

Social Behavior

Usually seen in pairs or small family groups, frequently accompanying mixed-species flocks. Nests are placed in dense vegetation; both members often participate in territory defense. Displays agile, acrobatic foraging with frequent tail flicks and crest raising.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

Song consists of thin, high-pitched trills and short, simple phrases delivered from exposed perches. Calls are sharp tsip or tsee notes given while foraging. Vocalizations carry well in montane scrub but are not especially loud.

Diet

Feeds primarily on small insects and other arthropods. Gleans prey from leaves, twigs, and bark, often hovering briefly to pick items from the outer canopy. Also makes short sallies to capture flying insects. Foraging is fast-paced, with near-constant movement through shrubs and low trees.

Preferred Environment

Forages along forest edges, within elfin forest, and in dense montane scrub, especially where shrubs and small trees provide layered foliage. Frequently uses Polylepis and other high-Andean shrubs for cover and feeding.