Region

Palearctic (Europe and western Asia)

Typical Environment

Breeds across temperate Europe and western Asia in shallow freshwater marshes, fens, and wet meadows with dense emergent vegetation such as reeds and sedges. On migration and in winter it occurs in a broader range of wetlands, including rice fields, flooded grasslands, and brackish marsh edges. Winters mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. It favors areas with shallow water and muddy margins, where it can remain concealed while foraging. Occurrence can be patchy and closely tied to water levels and habitat condition.

Altitude Range

Sea level to 1500 m

Climate Zone

Temperate

Temperament

secretive and skulking

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats; low, fluttering flight when flushed

Social Behavior

Breeds solitarily or in widely spaced pairs, each defending a territory within dense marsh vegetation. The nest is a well-concealed cup of reeds or sedges over shallow water. Clutches are relatively large, and both parents share incubation and chick care; the downy chicks are precocial and leave the nest soon after hatching.

Migratory Pattern

Seasonal migrant

Song Description

The male’s primary advertisement call is a repetitive, sharp 'hwit' or 'whip' given at intervals, most often at night. It also gives soft purrs and ticking notes from cover. Calls can travel far across wetlands and are key to detecting the species.