Region

Sundaland (Sumatra and Borneo)

Typical Environment

This species inhabits primary and mature secondary lowland and hill rainforests across Sumatra and Borneo, including parts of Kalimantan (Indonesia), Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), and Brunei. It favors dense understory, shady gullies, and streamside thickets where it can sally for insects. It tolerates selectively logged forest but is less common in heavily degraded habitats. It is typically absent from open country and urban areas.

Altitude Range

0–1500 m

Climate Zone

Tropical

Temperament

active and restless

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats with frequent sallying flights

Social Behavior

Usually seen singly or in pairs, actively foraging through the understory and lower midstory. Often joins mixed-species flocks, especially along forest streams and trails. Breeding pairs build a neat cup nest bound with spider silk and plant fibers; clutches are typically 2–3 eggs.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

A series of thin, high-pitched whistles and trills interspersed with sharp chips. Calls are delivered frequently while foraging and can quicken into a rapid, tinkling sequence during territorial displays.

Diet

Primarily small flying and foliage-dwelling insects such as flies, moths, beetles, ants, and spiders. It gleans from leaves and twigs and makes short sallies to snatch prey mid-air. Tail-fanning and wing-flicking help flush insects from cover.

Preferred Environment

Forages in shaded understory, forest edges, and along streams where insect activity is concentrated. Often works along vine tangles, saplings, and fallen logs within intact or lightly disturbed rainforest.