The New Zealand falcon is New Zealand's only falcon, and one of only four living native and two endemic birds of prey. It is frequently mistaken for the larger and more common swamp harrier. It is the country's most threatened bird of prey, with only around 5000–15000 individuals remaining. Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System the falcon is stable at Threatened, with conservation research needed. The kārearea was voted Bird of the Year winner in the annual Forest & Bird competition in 2012 and again in 2025.
Region
New Zealand
Typical Environment
Occurs across much of the North and South Islands and Stewart Island, from coastal zones to subalpine shrublands. It occupies native and plantation forests, tussock grasslands, riverbeds, farmland, and vineyards. Nests are placed on the ground, cliff ledges, or occasionally in trees and epiphytes. The species tolerates modified landscapes where prey is abundant but requires suitable nesting sites and low disturbance.
Altitude Range
Sea level to 2000 m
Climate Zone
Temperate
Ease of Keeping
Beginner friendly: 1/5
Often mistaken for the larger swamp harrier, the kārearea is New Zealand’s only falcon and a powerful, agile forest hunter. It can pursue prey through dense bush and is used in some vineyards to deter pest birds. The species is protected and populations are monitored; estimates suggest roughly 5,000–15,000 individuals. It was voted Bird of the Year in 2012 and again in 2025.
New Zealand falcon (adult and young) from Buller's Birds of New Zealand, 1888
Falco novaeseelandiae eggs in the collection of Auckland Museum
Electrocuted New Zealand falcon found at Glenorchy
New Zealand falcon in various phases of flight
Temperament
bold and territorial
Flight Pattern
fast and agile with rapid wingbeats and sudden stoops
Social Behavior
Mostly solitary outside the breeding season; pairs form strong territories during breeding. Nests are simple scrapes on the ground, cliff ledges, or in trees/epiphytes, with 2–4 eggs typical. The female incubates primarily while the male supplies most prey; both defend the nest vigorously.
Migratory Pattern
Resident
Song Description
A sharp, repeated kek-kek-kek alarm call near the nest and when agitated. Also gives high-pitched chattering and scolding notes during territorial disputes or when handling prey.
