The Hawaiian hawk or ʻio is a raptor in the genus Buteo endemic to Hawaiʻi, currently restricted to the Big Island. The ʻio is one of two extant birds of prey that are native to Hawaiʻi, the other being the pueo and fossil evidence indicates that it inhabited the island of Hawaiʻi, Molokaʻi, Oʻahu, Maui and Kauaʻi at one time. Today, it is known to breed only on the Big Island, in stands of native ʻōhiʻa lehua trees. The species was protected as an endangered species in the United States, but was delisted in 2020. However, the IUCN classifies the species as Near Threatened. NatureServe considers the species Vulnerable.
Region
Hawaiian Islands
Typical Environment
Today it breeds primarily on the Island of Hawaiʻi, using native and mixed forests, especially stands of ʻōhiʻa lehua for nesting. It also forages across forest edges, second-growth woodlands, and agricultural mosaics with scattered tall trees. The species historically occurred on several Hawaiian islands, but modern records of breeding are concentrated on the Big Island. It tolerates a range of habitats from lowlands to montane zones, provided there are suitable nesting trees and prey.
Altitude Range
Sea level to 2500 m
Climate Zone
Tropical
Ease of Keeping
Beginner friendly: 1/5
Also known as the ʻio, the Hawaiian hawk is a culturally significant bird to Native Hawaiians and is often regarded as a guardian spirit (ʻaumākua). It occurs in both dark and light color morphs, which can make identification interesting. As an apex island raptor, it helps control populations of introduced rodents and small birds. Once listed as endangered in the U.S., it was delisted in 2020, though it still faces habitat pressures.
Temperament
solitary and territorial
Flight Pattern
soaring glider with intermittent flapping
Social Behavior
Generally monogamous and strongly territorial during the breeding season. Nests are placed high in native ʻōhiʻa or other tall trees, with pairs typically raising a single chick. Both sexes defend the territory and attend the nest, though the female does more incubation.
Migratory Pattern
Resident
Song Description
A high-pitched, piercing whistle often rendered as a repeated ‘ee-eh’ or ‘kee-ee’ that carries over forest canopies. Calls increase in frequency near nests and during territorial disputes.
