The American dipper, also known as a water ouzel, is a semiaquatic bird species native to western North America and parts of Central America.
Region
Western North America and parts of Central America
Typical Environment
Found from Alaska and western Canada through the western United States into Mexico and locally to Central America. Occupies cold, clear, fast-flowing mountain streams and rivers with rocky substrates. Common along cascades, riffles, and waterfalls, and occasionally along coastal streams at sea level. In winter it may shift to lower elevations where water remains ice-free. Nests are placed close to splashing water, often on natural ledges or human structures.
Altitude Range
Sea level to 3500 m
Climate Zone
Highland
Ease of Keeping
Beginner friendly: 1/5
Also called the water ouzel, the American dipper is uniquely adapted to dive and walk along stream bottoms, using partially closed wings for propulsion. Special eye membranes and nasal flaps let it see and forage underwater. It often builds mossy, domed nests on ledges near waterfalls or bridges. Because it relies on clear, fast-moving water, its presence is a good indicator of healthy stream ecosystems.
Temperament
solitary and territorial
Flight Pattern
short rapid wingbeats, low over water
Social Behavior
Typically defends linear stretches of stream, with pairs holding territories during the breeding season. Generally monogamous, building mossy, domed nests close to splashing water. Both sexes feed nestlings, and adults may reuse territories across years.
Migratory Pattern
Partial migrant
Song Description
A loud, bubbling, warbling song that carries over the noise of rushing water, delivered from streamside perches. Calls include sharp zeet or tsip notes used in contact and alarm.
Plumage
Uniform dark slate-gray with slightly browner tone on the head; dense, waterproof feathers; short, often-cocked tail.
Diet
Primarily aquatic insect larvae such as caddisflies, mayflies, and stoneflies. Also takes small crustaceans, fish eggs, and occasionally tiny fish. Forages by dipping, plunging, and walking underwater, lifting stones to glean prey. Stores energy by frequent short feeding bouts along productive riffles.
Preferred Environment
Clear, swift streams with rocky bottoms, riffles, and falls where aquatic invertebrates are abundant. Often feeds at edges of cascades, on submerged rocks, and in shallow runs with strong current.
