Region

Europe and western Siberia

Typical Environment

Occurs throughout most of Europe (absent from some islands and parts of far northern Scandinavia) and eastward into western Siberia. Prefers mature deciduous and mixed woodlands but also occupies parks, orchards, churchyards, and suburban gardens. Common along forest edges, riparian corridors, and patchy farmland with hedgerows. Nests primarily in tree cavities but also uses old buildings and nest boxes. Avoids vast treeless plains and the highest alpine zones.

Altitude Range

Sea level to 2000 m

Climate Zone

Temperate

Temperament

solitary and territorial

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats with silent glides

Social Behavior

Typically forms long-term monogamous pairs that defend territories year-round. Nests in tree holes, often reusing sites for many seasons; also accepts nest boxes and cavities in buildings. Clutches are usually laid in late winter to early spring, with both adults aggressively defending the nest.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

The male gives a series of resonant hoots, often culminating in a drawn-out 'hoo-oo'. The female responds with a sharp 'ke-wick'; together these create the well-known 'tu-whit, tu-whoo' duet. Alarm and contact calls include harsh shrieks and yelps.

Diet

Primarily preys on small mammals such as voles, mice, and shrews. Also takes small birds, frogs, beetles, and large earthworms when available. Hunts mainly from a perch, dropping silently onto prey detected by acute hearing and low-light vision. Prey is often swallowed whole, with indigestible parts later regurgitated as pellets.

Preferred Environment

Forages along woodland edges, clearings, and hedgerows where prey is abundant. In towns and villages it hunts in parks, gardens, and around buildings, sometimes near streetlights where prey activity is concentrated.