Region

Sub-Saharan Africa

Typical Environment

Occurs along large rocky rivers and rapids across West, Central, and parts of East and Southern Africa, including stretches of the Congo, Niger, Nile, Zambezi, and their tributaries. Prefers broad river channels with exposed boulders, rocky islets, and fast-flowing sections. Breeds on midstream rocks during the dry season when water levels are low and rocks are exposed. Outside the breeding season it disperses locally along river margins, sandbars, and lakeshores but remains tied to open water and rock features.

Altitude Range

Sea level to 1800 m

Climate Zone

Tropical

Temperament

social and active

Flight Pattern

agile, swallow-like with short rapid wingbeats and quick aerial sallies

Social Behavior

Typically seen in pairs or small groups roosting and nesting on exposed rocks. Nests are simple scrapes on bare stone, usually 1–2 eggs; both parents incubate and tend the chicks. Semi-colonial nesting may occur where suitable rock patches are clustered.

Migratory Pattern

Partial migrant

Song Description

Gives sharp, whistled calls and trills, often a high, piping twee-tee in flight. Excited chattering and rapid whistles are common during aerial chases and at breeding sites.

Diet

Feeds mainly on flying insects such as termites, beetles, and flies, captured on the wing over water. Also picks insects from rock surfaces near the waterline. Foraging is highly aerial, with quick sallies from rocks and low, fast passes over rapids.

Preferred Environment

Hunts above fast-flowing river channels, eddies, and riffles, using exposed rocks and islets as perches. Often concentrates where insects emerge en masse, such as at rapids or during termite flights.