The red-billed curassow or red-knobbed curassow is an endangered species of cracid that is endemic to lowland Atlantic Forest in the states of Espírito Santo, Bahia and Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil. Its population is decreasing due to hunting and deforestation, and it has possibly been extirpated from Minas Gerais. It is currently being reintroduced to Rio de Janeiro by means of individuals bred in captivity. As suggested by its common name, the male has a largely red bill, but this is lacking in the female.
Region
Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil
Typical Environment
Occurs in lowland evergreen and semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest, favoring large tracts of primary forest and well-structured mature secondary growth. It uses dense understory and palm-rich areas and often forages on the forest floor near fruiting trees. The species can persist in traditional shaded cacao (cabruca) landscapes when hunting pressure is low and forest cover is retained. Fragmentation and disturbance greatly reduce occupancy, and it avoids open areas. Roosting typically occurs in trees, with daytime activity concentrated near fruit resources.
Altitude Range
Sea level to 300 m
Climate Zone
Tropical
Ease of Keeping
Beginner friendly: 2/5
A large, ground-oriented cracid of Brazil’s Atlantic Forest, the red-billed curassow is a key seed disperser for many native trees. Males are notable for a prominent red bill with a knob and a curled crest, while females lack the red bill and show barred, rufous-brown plumage. The species has been heavily impacted by hunting and habitat loss, with active reintroduction projects underway in Rio de Janeiro. It is shy and elusive, often detected by its deep booming calls.
Temperament
shy and elusive
Flight Pattern
short rapid wingbeats with explosive flushes; generally reluctant to fly
Social Behavior
Typically found in pairs or small family groups, especially during the breeding season. Nests are placed above ground in trees or dense vegetation, with the female incubating while the male often remains nearby. Territoriality is moderate, with pairs maintaining space around favored feeding areas.
Migratory Pattern
Resident
Song Description
The male gives deep, far-carrying booming notes and low hoots, often at dawn. It also produces soft whistles and clucks during close contact. Vocalizations are most frequent in calm early mornings when sound travels far through the forest.
