Region

Sub-Saharan Africa

Typical Environment

Common in open grasslands, marshy edges, reedbeds, and savanna clearings, often near water. It readily occupies agricultural fields, roadsides, and urban parks where seeding grasses are abundant. Outside its native range it thrives in mild coastal climates and insular habitats with ample rank grass. Flocks often forage on the ground and on seeding stems, retreating to dense cover when disturbed.

Altitude Range

0–2500 m

Climate Zone

Tropical

Temperament

social and active

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats with low, undulating flight

Social Behavior

Usually in small to large flocks outside the breeding season and often forages in tight groups. Pairs form within flocks; both sexes build a domed grass nest placed low in dense vegetation. Clutches typically contain 4–6 eggs, with shared incubation and chick rearing. Roosting communally is common, and colonies may nest close together.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

Soft, tinkling trills and high, sibilant ‘tsit’ calls delivered frequently while feeding. Males perform a gentle, buzzy song during courtship, often accompanied by a hopping display. Vocalizations are quiet but constant when birds are active.