Region

Euro-Siberian Palearctic

Typical Environment

Breeds from the British Isles across northern and central Europe into western and central Asia. Favors coastal estuaries, mudflats, saltmarshes, and brackish lagoons, but also uses large inland lakes and steppe wetlands. In winter it concentrates on ice-free coasts around the North Sea, Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea, and into the Maghreb. Outside breeding, it forms dense flocks on broad tidal flats where food is abundant. It avoids densely forested areas and steep, high-altitude terrain.

Altitude Range

Sea level to 1500 m

Climate Zone

Temperate

Temperament

social and active

Flight Pattern

strong flier with direct flight and rapid wingbeats

Social Behavior

Typically forms long-term pairs that nest in burrows, rabbit warrens, or cavities, often some distance from water. Clutches are relatively large, and families may join together into crèches for collective defense. Outside breeding, it gathers in large flocks, especially at moulting and on rich feeding flats.

Migratory Pattern

Partial migrant

Song Description

Generally quiet; the male gives a wheezy whistling call, especially in display. Females utter deeper honks and nasal calls, with hisses and grunts in threat situations.