Region

Madagascar

Typical Environment

Occurs widely across Madagascar in humid evergreen forests of the east, dry deciduous forests of the west, and mosaics of secondary growth. It tolerates forest edges, degraded thickets, plantations, and wooded gardens. Birds forage from the understory to mid-canopy, often gleaning along branches and leaves. The species is frequently encountered in mixed-species foraging parties.

Altitude Range

Sea level to 2000 m

Climate Zone

Tropical

Temperament

active and confiding

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats between perches

Social Behavior

Typically found in pairs or small family groups and commonly joins mixed-species flocks. Nests are small cup structures placed low to mid-level in shrubs or trees. Both parents participate in feeding the young.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

A series of high, thin sibilant notes and short trills, often delivered from low perches. Contact calls are soft ‘tik’ or ‘tsee’ notes repeated at intervals.

Diet

Primarily small insects and other arthropods, including beetles, caterpillars, and spiders. Forages by gleaning from leaves, twigs, and bark, occasionally making short sallies to snatch prey. Often benefits from mixed-species flocks that flush insects.

Preferred Environment

Feeds in the understory and midstory of forests, along edges, and in secondary scrub. Also uses wooded plantations and well-vegetated gardens.