Region

Eastern and Southern Africa

Typical Environment

Found from Ethiopia and Kenya south through Tanzania to Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. It favors shallow, nutrient-rich freshwater lakes, pans, dams, and sewage ponds with ample emergent vegetation such as reeds and bulrushes. The species also uses brackish or alkaline lakes and artificial waterbodies when conditions are suitable. It breeds in dense stands of Typha and Phragmites, often close to open water. Local movements follow seasonal rains and changing water levels.

Altitude Range

Sea level to 3000 m

Climate Zone

Tropical

Temperament

generally shy and retiring, forming loose groups

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats

Social Behavior

Often seen in small groups or loose flocks on open water, sometimes mixing with other diving ducks. Nests are built among dense emergent vegetation over water, with a floating or semi-floating platform concealed by reeds. Breeding is timed with rising water levels and may be opportunistic after rains. Courtship includes head-bobbing and display dives by males.

Migratory Pattern

Partial migrant

Song Description

Usually quiet; females give harsh quacks and grating calls when alarmed. Males produce soft whistles, clicks, or grunts during courtship displays. Vocalizations are most frequent around breeding territories.