Region

Sunda Islands

Typical Environment

Occurs in moist montane forests of Java and Bali, favoring steep gullies, mossy ravines, and forested stream corridors. It keeps to the understory and forest floor, moving along boulder-strewn creeks and shaded trails. Secondary growth and forest edges with running water are also used if cover is sufficient. Outside of breeding territories it may range along connected watersheds but remains in closed-canopy habitats.

Altitude Range

600–2400 m

Climate Zone

Highland

Temperament

shy and retiring

Flight Pattern

short rapid wingbeats with low glides

Social Behavior

Usually found singly or in pairs and strongly territorial along stream courses during breeding. Nests are cup-shaped and placed on ledges, roots, or man-made structures near water; both adults share incubation and feeding duties. Clutches are small, and pairs may re-use favored sites across years.

Migratory Pattern

Resident

Song Description

A loud, melodious series of clear, fluty whistles with rich, ringing phrases that carry far through valleys. Most vocal at dawn and in the cool of late afternoon, with occasional mimicry of other forest birds.

Diet

Primarily takes insects and other invertebrates such as beetles, ants, caterpillars, snails, and small crustaceans. It probes leaf litter, flips stones in stream beds, and gleans from wet rocks and banks. Larger prey like snails may be smashed against stones to break shells. Occasional small fruits or seeds may be taken opportunistically.

Preferred Environment

Feeds along shaded streams, waterfall spray zones, and damp forest floors within dense montane forest. Often forages on boulders and among roots where water flow exposes invertebrates.